Social Media and Public Relations

Question: Examine about the Social Media and Public Relations. Answer: Presentation Advertising is normally alluded to as a purposeful, supported and arranged endeavor to exhibit and upgrade common understanding just as outstanding comprehension. It is through advertising that an association can fortify its relationship with its inside and outside publics to cultivate long haul connection. Associations require having an incredible advertising office which doesn't cover the elements of the showcasing division. There are different issues that are tended to in the above definition. Among them incorporate need for arranging, why continued correspondence is noteworthy, who the partners are in a specific organization, significance of shared comprehension, and the job of correspondence in deciding connections. I will talk about every one of the issues underneath (Romano, 2011). Need for arranging Arranging is a basic administration job which includes defining at least one point by point strategy to achieve wanted equalization of requests or needs using the accessible assets. When arranging , a PR professional ought to distinguish the objectives to be practiced, thought of procedures to achieve them, compose the assets required, and apply, control, and watch all the phases in the proper arrangement. Arranging fortifies correspondence objectives in an association. For successful assurance of the right PR strategies and techniques, one ought to have the option to set the correspondence destinations through sensible arranging. Right now, PR master should audit the intended interest group and essential messages to guarantee the objectives set are pertinent to the association. While arranging, a PR official should meet with a structured group to conceptualize and think of splendid thoughts that can bolster the correspondence objectives. On the off chance that for instance, Fletcher Building Limited is arranging to overhaul its investigator program; at that point as a PR official, you ought to take part in collaboration to conceptualize the imaginative plans to accomplish this goal (Mersham Peart, 2009). Arranging is critical in building up a vital program which maps out the primary exercises for each quarter. An extensive PR plan will execute each quarter planned exercises. In any case, it is noteworthy to be flexible as the planning of the exercises may change contingent upon the circumstances that may emerge at that given time. It is additionally important to look for the arrangement endorsement a while before its event. Why continued correspondence is noteworthy Continued correspondence in an association assumes a crucial job in both the inner and outer publics who are the companys partners. When there is powerful correspondence over an extensive stretch of time, trust is worked between the publics and the business itself. Fitting long haul collaboration between the association and its publics improves common inside and out understanding that can help keep up the clients until the end of time. It is through such correspondence that the firm can collaborate with different network improvement extends that would expand its notoriety and brand building. The kept up powerful correspondence is the primary system to holding the present customers or publics just as pulling in most new publics through proposals by the present partners. For example, Google embraced this quite a while back. Because of its powerful supported correspondence, the publics it had, kept suggesting more individuals for Google. Accordingly, it ventured out in front of other web indexes like Yahoo and Bing despite the fact that they began before that it could. In this way, any progression or achievement that is made by an association ought to be imparted to all the partners with the goal that they feel having a place with the firm and esteemed for their commitment. It through this training the partners are probably going to messages in regards to new items in the market, cheerful wishes during occasions and celebrations and in particular give them something that is pertinent to those events. Who the partners are in a specific organization As a Public Relations official, one requires to distinguish all the partners and what their needs are in relationship with the association. Subsequent to recognizing their requirements, at that point it will be more obvious on the most ideal approach to move toward them separately or as a gathering. I am taking Fletcher Building Limited for instance. It has different partners who play an imperative to its activities. Its partners incorporate the network, supports, shareowners, workers, and the customers. The people group that Fletcher Building Limited abides in has different necessities it needs to address. For instance, the network may require openings for work from the organization and backing in raising support or formative undertakings. On the off chance that the organization can't think about their complaints, there may be shows that can influence its tasks. Backers are notable individuals who subsidize the tasks of the organization; they ought to be engaged with all the projects that the firm embraces. In this manner, they will assemble more trust in its activities. Representatives are the workforce whose necessities ought to be tended to adequately on a quick impact. I can't state they are the most significant, yet they are liable for dealing with all the procedures that lead to partners and clients fulfillment. At long last, the customers; they are explanation behind the companys presence. Without them there will be no benefits which can be acknowledged by its activities. All the items and administrations ought to be intended to meet their requirements and inclinations (Sriramesh, Ver?i?, 2009). Job of correspondence in building connections Correspondence assumes a noteworthy job in an association particularly in upgrading shared comprehension between the association, its publics and partners. Shared understanding alludes to agreement between people; along these lines whatever impacts one correspondingly impacts the other. Along these lines, common understanding fills in as a device to overcome any barrier between people with misconception inside the association, or to fortify a two-way feel. Interchanges, in this manner, embraces a pivotal obligation in each progression of relations. It very well may be from association to association, relational or bunch correspondence. A PR master should distinguish the reasonable channels of correspondence that can prompt fitting correspondence. At whatever point the way wherein messages are passed on through is characterized then messages will be conveyed proficiently. In any association, there could be clashes, either among workers, between the association and another organization or between the associations itself to the customer. Cultivating of common understanding will improve the clashing gatherings to comprehend each other and recognize the issue influences the two sides. Through shared comprehension, goals can be reached at and improve the supported correspondence for the two members in the contention. A perfect PR specialist ought to have different methodologies to critical thinking that are viable and capable. More often than not, critical thinking is done through upgrading powerful correspondence and shared comprehension among all the publics. The case includes open interests versus the companys protection approaches. The associations strategic to think about lost mutts, train, and characterize their dispositions as they trust that the open will receive the pooches. Since Jenny was ravishing cordial, cherishing and great for a family, numerous individuals are probably going to call and affirm about her. On the off chance that I will be required a request with respect to Jenny, I will portray the case in a reasonable manner that can adjust both the business and general society. Despite the fact that the job of the PR official is to serve the open intrigue, I will prompt the customer that Jenny has been received and prescribe different pooches that are probably going to have great practices. The choice to make balance depends on PRINZ code of morals of decency. It necessitates that a PR professional have the option to speak to the businesses and customers reasonably. It will be out of line to the business in the event that I tell the customers that the canine had nibbled a portion of the handlers and got euthanized therefore (PRINZ, 2010). Likewise, I need to secure the association since its notoriety should continue developing for the successful development. In light of the PRINZ code of morals of protection, I should stay discreet and options in contrast to the customers at whatever point they ask about Jenny. It is moral to ensure the general population against any torment that the pooch can cause to them. I accordingly would not guarantee any customer about Jenny since it might jeopardize their lives, a circumstance that can corrupt the associations picture and crucial, (2011). How showcasing is recognized from Public relations Showcasing and advertising might be viewed as same yet there are different contrasts characterized between the two. The distinctions depend on the accompanying. To start with, strategies/exercises; promoting regularly includes direct publicizing and advertising which expects to recover direct deals though advertising is anticipated on the notoriety of the organization through making a positive media inclusion and partner compelling correspondence. Besides, the intended interest groups; advertising as a training tries to arrive at potential and present customers to the business administrations and items while Public Relations centers around building and keeping positive associations with any person who demonstrates enthusiasm to the association or their image. Advertising practice covers more extensive crowd over the media and clients, to investors and businesses. Thirdly, two separate targets; the targets advertising bunches are to show up at the clients and encourage them to accept, think or attempt some kind of exchanging centered activity. Fundamentally, this respects selling the administrations and items. Then again, Public Relations target selling the organization and its image through a positive way purchase controlling the correspondence stages between the o

Management of stress incontinence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The executives of stress incontinence - Essay Example Stress incontinence can accordingly be believed to be random with mental pressure, however it remains the commonest type of urinary incontinence. Consequently, the meaning of pressure incontinence as spillage of pee because of stressing, hacking, sniffling, or abrupt intentional development because of ineptitude of the sphyncteric components can be loaned belief. As per Chapple and Cardozo (2006, 16), ladies have been seen as increasingly inclined to pressure incontinence, contrasted with men. Measurable arrangements from legitimate scientists call attention to that the prevalence of stress incontinence among ladies increments with age, so 1 out of 5 ladies who are more than 40 experience the ill effects of some level of pressure incontinence. Becker (2005, 11) is impactful that the individuals who experience pressure incontinence are constantly dependent upon humiliation, disconnection, underperformance at the working environment, and a subsiding public activity, particularly when r ecreation exercises and exercise structure some portion of this public activity. This makes the board of pressure incontinence an essential endeavor which has been tremendously celebrated. The executives of Stress Incontinence There are a few ways to deal with overseeing pressure incontinence. Numerous clinical specialists intensely depend on physiotherapy. This includes, exposing the patient to (endorsed) works out, as a method of reinforcing pelvic floor muscles. Since the objective is for the most part reinforcing pelvic floor muscles, pelvic floor practices structure the primary piece of this solution. The pertinence of utilizing activities to fortify pelvic floor muscles depends on the way that kidneys continually make pee. Along these lines, streams of pee continually go to the bladder, before going down to the ureters. The urters are tubes that interface the kidney to the bladder. The measure of pee an individual makes relies upon how much an individual beverages, eats and sw eats (Collier and Longmore, 2003, 61). The essence of the issue in this is the bladder includes muscles, and furthermore stores pee. That the bladder is versatile is underscored by it growing like an inflatable as it gets loaded up with pee. The urethra as the outlet for pee stays shut. It is the pelvic floor muscles that manage the opening and shutting of the urethra. As a specific measure of pee fills the bladder, one gets mindful of having a full bladder. On heading off to the toilet to pass pee, the muscles of the bladder agreement and crush the urethra. The pelvic floor muscles at that point get the chance to unwind. Complex nerve messages are handed-off to the mind as the focal sensory system, the bladder and afterward the pelvic floor muscles. It is these messages that expeditious an individual, educating him that his bladder is full and furthermore brief the correct muscles to either unwind or contract at the perfect time. Consequently, the previous plainly shows that endors ing pelvic floor practices for the pressure incontinent will help fix the muscles of the urethra and the bladder, and subsequently helping stop unintended progression of pee. As per Bo, (2007, 34 an) and Gartley (2012, 75), kegel practices have additionally been suggested as the most ideal method of retraining and fortifying sphincter and pelvic floor muscles, as a method of decreasing pressure spillage. Kegel practices have for the most part demonstrated generally gainful to those beneath 60 years. With this impact, it is a standard perception that the patient ought to do in any event complete 24 compressions day by day, for at any rate 42 days (a month and a half). The physiotherapist

Never Miss A Deadline with MindMeister and MeisterTask (Success Story) - Focus

Never Miss A Deadline with MindMeister and MeisterTask (Success Story) - Focus When running a start-up with a fully distributed team, founders are often faced with a dilemma. How do you ensure that your distributed team remains creative and collaborative while meeting every deadline? In this success story, we hear from software startup BigBangThemes about how they’ve established workflows to achieve efficient, distributed teamwork. Using MindMeister to prevent siphoning within their team and MeisterTask to never miss a deadline, the team deliver great projects together, on schedule. Founding a Fully Distributed Startup BigBangThemes is a software startup that builds and sells attractive web templates. We had the pleasure of hearing from BigBangThemes’ Founders, Andy and Alex Marin, about how they manage their small but growing team to deliver quality products. The team aims to boost client earning potential by designing and creating products such as drag and drop email builder tools, and WordPress themes for client websites. However, with a distributed workforce, they’ve come up against some team management challenges: “We’re a 100% distributed team of 9, meaning absolutely everyone works from home,” Founder, Alex, explains. “This is where the need for a really good task management tool was absolutely vital for us. Working remotely comes with a huge set of challenges that we needed to figure out before achieving productive work.” As a result, the team began looking for a planning tool that would help them to create a collaborative company strategy. Additionally, they sought  a task management solution that would help align all deadlines and enable teamwork, even when working from different home offices. Aligning Business Priorities via a Strategy Mind Map A couple of years ago, the team realized the business was beginning to struggle as their distributed team lacked a clear company vision. As a result, the team began searching for a project management solution that would help them to identify clear deadlines and prioritize work: We simply couldn’t find what was going wrong and causing constant deadline delays. We also found that there was a “wall” restricting profit-making.Alex, BigBangThemes Founder The team searched for a tool that would enable them to map out all areas of their business and workflows. The aim was to understand where inefficiencies were occurring and where perhaps further investment was needed. For this, the team used  MindMeister to create a detailed business strategy mind map, shared with all team members online: “Thankfully, we were able to use MindMeister to clearly outline every aspect of our business and the way it’s interconnected with others,” Alex shared. “This helped us to realize that we were simply not focusing enough resources on the most important elements in our business. When running a startup with limited personnel, it’s sometimes hard to focus on going in the same direction. You tend to shift left or shift right following ideas or profits, but this is definitely detrimental in the long term.” Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Business Strategy on MindMeister. The mind map has provided the company with a clear vision and a refined business strategy. By including all important business information, it can also act as a knowledge map, to support remote team members with questions or onboard new staff. Mind map your company strategy Sign-up for MindMeister Its free! Sign-up for MindMeister Putting Strategy into Action with MeisterTask Once the team’s priorities and inefficiencies were clear, the BigBangThemes’ Founders were able to move forward and establish a new workflow. The main aim was to  manage all projects in one place while ensuring that teams weren’t under-resourced or over-loaded. For this, the team uses MeisterTask: MeisterTask is a fabulous tool that we use every day. It holds our team together,  helping the Project Manager keep tabs on team productivity, driving us forward.Alex, BigBangThemes Founder For a company that’s working in so many different micro niches, it was extremely important for us to find a task management tool where we can clearly separate projects and create different tasks within those projects, Alex explained. Between that and the ability to integrate our Slack app to simplify communication even further, MeisterTask was simply a perfect match.” By using the MeisterTask integration with BigBangTheme’s main internal communication tool, Slack, the team is able to stay up-to-date with all  project and task progress, both via the automated updates in Slack and by monitoring the transparent Project Boards. Transparent Project Boards for Distributed Working To ensure all team members remain in the loop with project progression, BigBangThemes run monthly sprints and check-ins for task completion via their shared MeisterTask project boards. Within their sprint project boards, it’s mandatory that team members include all tasks that are coming up, in progress and complete. This provides Alex and the rest of the team with a quick, visual overview of how projects  are progressing, despite being distributed. Similarly, when tasks move from one stage to the next, the next team will be notified, either via the task being reassigned to the next team member or via the Slack integration. “Our projects are mostly labor-intensive and include several departments. This is the reason why having everything under the same roof is mandatory. With our shared project boards, the designers can see exactly what the developers need, making the QA process seamless.” Manage projects all in one place. Sign-up for MeisterTask Its free! Sign-up for MeisterTask A Home for New Ideas In an ordinary office setting, ideas and creative thoughts would usually be shared across desks or in meetings. To ensure these thoughts aren’t lost, despite not being located in one office, the BigBangThemes team create sections within their MeisterTask boards, specifically for ideation: One of my favorite customized sections on our shared project board is titled “Building the future”. In this section, everybody can add their ideas for certain features, products, or functionalities that should be added but arent yet planned.Alex, BigBangThemes Founder Integrating Client Feedback Throughout The Project Within their “Building the future” project section, the team also compile ideas and feedback from their clients, for the team to incorporate into future updates. In order to ensure all client feedback will be considered within their monthly sprints, the BigBangThemes team use the Zendesk integration for MeisterTask.   Via the integration, all feedback is sent directly to the relevant MeisterTask project board. The tickets are then created as tasks for consideration, meaning no client input will be lost or forgotten. The Outcome: Deadlines and Valuable Ideas are Never Missed Alex shares that using MindMeister and MeisterTask to refine strategy and plans, and then turn these ideas into action, has made a big impact on the organization of their distributed team: I can definitely tell you that since integrating MeisterTask into our workflow, we’ve never missed a deadline and have also massively improved our products.Alex, BigBangThemes Founder It’s just so extremely easy to log an idea and discuss it later,” Alex explains. “This way you avoid forgetting to add these small but very useful features to your project while ensuring that  all product deadlines are met.” At MeisterLabs, we’re always excited to hear about the positive impact that  MindMeister  and  MeisterTask  are having on businesses. For more information on the work of BigBangThemes, visit their website. If you have a story to share about the impact that MindMeister and MeisterTask have had on your business, we’d love to hear from you! To get in touch about being featured in a success story on our blog, drop Olivia an email at  olivia (at) meisterlabs (dot) com Save 30% on MindMeister MeisterTask Pro Get the MeisterBundle 30% off Get the MeisterBundle Never Miss A Deadline with MindMeister and MeisterTask (Success Story) - Focus When running a start-up with a fully distributed team, founders are often faced with a dilemma. How do you ensure that your distributed team remains creative and collaborative while meeting every deadline? In this success story, we hear from software startup BigBangThemes about how they’ve established workflows to achieve efficient, distributed teamwork. Using MindMeister to prevent siphoning within their team and MeisterTask to never miss a deadline, the team deliver great projects together, on schedule. Founding a Fully Distributed Startup BigBangThemes is a software startup that builds and sells attractive web templates. We had the pleasure of hearing from BigBangThemes’ Founders, Andy and Alex Marin, about how they manage their small but growing team to deliver quality products. The team aims to boost client earning potential by designing and creating products such as drag and drop email builder tools, and WordPress themes for client websites. However, with a distributed workforce, they’ve come up against some team management challenges: “We’re a 100% distributed team of 9, meaning absolutely everyone works from home,” Founder, Alex, explains. “This is where the need for a really good task management tool was absolutely vital for us. Working remotely comes with a huge set of challenges that we needed to figure out before achieving productive work.” As a result, the team began looking for a planning tool that would help them to create a collaborative company strategy. Additionally, they sought  a task management solution that would help align all deadlines and enable teamwork, even when working from different home offices. Aligning Business Priorities via a Strategy Mind Map A couple of years ago, the team realized the business was beginning to struggle as their distributed team lacked a clear company vision. As a result, the team began searching for a project management solution that would help them to identify clear deadlines and prioritize work: We simply couldn’t find what was going wrong and causing constant deadline delays. We also found that there was a “wall” restricting profit-making.Alex, BigBangThemes Founder The team searched for a tool that would enable them to map out all areas of their business and workflows. The aim was to understand where inefficiencies were occurring and where perhaps further investment was needed. For this, the team used  MindMeister to create a detailed business strategy mind map, shared with all team members online: “Thankfully, we were able to use MindMeister to clearly outline every aspect of our business and the way it’s interconnected with others,” Alex shared. “This helped us to realize that we were simply not focusing enough resources on the most important elements in our business. When running a startup with limited personnel, it’s sometimes hard to focus on going in the same direction. You tend to shift left or shift right following ideas or profits, but this is definitely detrimental in the long term.” Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Business Strategy on MindMeister. The mind map has provided the company with a clear vision and a refined business strategy. By including all important business information, it can also act as a knowledge map, to support remote team members with questions or onboard new staff. Mind map your company strategy Sign-up for MindMeister Its free! Sign-up for MindMeister Putting Strategy into Action with MeisterTask Once the team’s priorities and inefficiencies were clear, the BigBangThemes’ Founders were able to move forward and establish a new workflow. The main aim was to  manage all projects in one place while ensuring that teams weren’t under-resourced or over-loaded. For this, the team uses MeisterTask: MeisterTask is a fabulous tool that we use every day. It holds our team together,  helping the Project Manager keep tabs on team productivity, driving us forward.Alex, BigBangThemes Founder For a company that’s working in so many different micro niches, it was extremely important for us to find a task management tool where we can clearly separate projects and create different tasks within those projects, Alex explained. Between that and the ability to integrate our Slack app to simplify communication even further, MeisterTask was simply a perfect match.” By using the MeisterTask integration with BigBangTheme’s main internal communication tool, Slack, the team is able to stay up-to-date with all  project and task progress, both via the automated updates in Slack and by monitoring the transparent Project Boards. Transparent Project Boards for Distributed Working To ensure all team members remain in the loop with project progression, BigBangThemes run monthly sprints and check-ins for task completion via their shared MeisterTask project boards. Within their sprint project boards, it’s mandatory that team members include all tasks that are coming up, in progress and complete. This provides Alex and the rest of the team with a quick, visual overview of how projects  are progressing, despite being distributed. Similarly, when tasks move from one stage to the next, the next team will be notified, either via the task being reassigned to the next team member or via the Slack integration. “Our projects are mostly labor-intensive and include several departments. This is the reason why having everything under the same roof is mandatory. With our shared project boards, the designers can see exactly what the developers need, making the QA process seamless.” Manage projects all in one place. Sign-up for MeisterTask Its free! Sign-up for MeisterTask A Home for New Ideas In an ordinary office setting, ideas and creative thoughts would usually be shared across desks or in meetings. To ensure these thoughts aren’t lost, despite not being located in one office, the BigBangThemes team create sections within their MeisterTask boards, specifically for ideation: One of my favorite customized sections on our shared project board is titled “Building the future”. In this section, everybody can add their ideas for certain features, products, or functionalities that should be added but arent yet planned.Alex, BigBangThemes Founder Integrating Client Feedback Throughout The Project Within their “Building the future” project section, the team also compile ideas and feedback from their clients, for the team to incorporate into future updates. In order to ensure all client feedback will be considered within their monthly sprints, the BigBangThemes team use the Zendesk integration for MeisterTask.   Via the integration, all feedback is sent directly to the relevant MeisterTask project board. The tickets are then created as tasks for consideration, meaning no client input will be lost or forgotten. The Outcome: Deadlines and Valuable Ideas are Never Missed Alex shares that using MindMeister and MeisterTask to refine strategy and plans, and then turn these ideas into action, has made a big impact on the organization of their distributed team: I can definitely tell you that since integrating MeisterTask into our workflow, we’ve never missed a deadline and have also massively improved our products.Alex, BigBangThemes Founder It’s just so extremely easy to log an idea and discuss it later,” Alex explains. “This way you avoid forgetting to add these small but very useful features to your project while ensuring that  all product deadlines are met.” At MeisterLabs, we’re always excited to hear about the positive impact that  MindMeister  and  MeisterTask  are having on businesses. For more information on the work of BigBangThemes, visit their website. If you have a story to share about the impact that MindMeister and MeisterTask have had on your business, we’d love to hear from you! To get in touch about being featured in a success story on our blog, drop Olivia an email at  olivia (at) meisterlabs (dot) com Save 30% on MindMeister MeisterTask Pro Get the MeisterBundle 30% off Get the MeisterBundle

Gift-Giving Guide for College Students

Gift-giving as a college student can be complicated. Of course, youd love to treat all of your friends and family to big, beautiful gifts ... but your budget and time restrictions often prevent doing so. What options are there, then, for college students who want to give great gifts without seeming cheap or lazy? Gifts Based on Recipients Great Gifts for Your College Boyfriend or Girlfriend. Its hard to come up with a meaningful, reasonably priced, personal gift for your significant other.Gifts for a College Roommate. A college roommate is like no one else; after all, what other person knows so much about you, puts up with your ridiculousness, and lets you eat their cereal when youre meal plan runs out? Whether its for a roommate birthday or the holidays, make sure you get something unique for this important person in your life.General Gift Ideas for Moms. Be it for Mothers Day or her birthday, getting a gift for Mom  is a must-do. Dont forget to make a phone call if youre away at school on the big day, too!Gifts for Your Siblings. You may have been incredibly close to your siblings before you left for school, or you may have been glad to have them no longer annoying you at the dinner table. Either way, forgetting a gift for your sibling can be an unforgivable offense! Gifts Based on Situations Low-Cost Gift Ideas. Regardless of whom your gift is for, it needs to fit within your budget. Thoughtful low-cost gifts will make you look anything but cheap.Last-Minute Gift Ideas. Alright, so your friends/roommates/brothers birthday totally sneaked up on you. Last-minute gift ideas based on someones hobby or creative outlet can help cover your oops-I-nearly-forgot tracks.Unique Valentines Day Gifts. With so much hype, it can be hard to come up with gift ideas for Valentines Day that are original and inexpensive.College Graduation Gift Ideas. Graduation season can get so chaotic that its easy to forget to get a college graduation gift that adequately celebrates this major milestone.

Essay on Dbq Causes of Revolutionary War - 726 Words

DBQ’s – Questions and Answers Document 1 Why did Whately (and probably most other English officials) feel that the American colonists should be willing to pay higher taxes to Parliament? Whately felt that American Colonists should contribute to the preservation of the advantages they have received. Document 2 According to Dickinson, what taxes was Parliament justified in imposing on the colonies? According to Dickinson, Parliament was justified in imposing the Stamp Act on the colonies. Why did he object to the Stamp Act and the Townshend Acts? Dickinson objected to the Stamp Act and the Townshend Acts because he did not have the authority to levy taxes. Document 3 How does the engraving tell a different story from the above†¦show more content†¦Essay 1763 marked the end of French and Indian war and caused a great celebration and pride in the American colonies. But, in next twelve years, the same pride was altered by at bitter and violent conflict with the mother country. The injustices of the mother country finally led the American colonists to declare independence and wage war against it. American colonies were justified for waging war and breaking away from Britain because they were defending themselves against a series of measures Parliament wished to impose on their communities without their consent. In Thomas Whately’s pamphlet â€Å"Considerations† he expressed Britain’s view of taxation. The British felt that the colonists should pay higher taxes because they owe them for the help they received in the French and Indian War. Britain imposed new tax acts such as the Stamp Acts and the Sugar acts. However, the colonists felt threatened by these new rules (Doc1). Parliament imposed the Townshend Act, which raised taxes on imported goods. 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Using both your own knowledge and the documents provided, identify and discuss the turning points which marked this changing relationship. Document A Document B SOURCE: George Hewes, 1773 - Firsthand

Article Analysis on Marijuana Free Essays

Medical Marijuana? A young woman has HIV. In fact, she has had HIV for 7 years. She contracted it from her boyfriend after her first sexual experience. We will write a custom essay sample on Article Analysis on Marijuana or any similar topic only for you Order Now Unfortunately, she has taken a turn for the worse. Her body is now deteriorating. She is going through cachexia, what one would refer to as HIV wasting syndrome. Cachexia defined, is the physical wasting and malnutrition of the body that is associated with chronic disease. HIV wasting syndrome causes infected people to lose weight and to suffer from damaging diarrhea, among other things. She is always in an extensive amount of pain, affecting numerous parts of her body. The physicians that she visits have tried countless treatments to alleviate her suffering; however, nothing seems to work. There is an experimental drug, on the other hand, whose efficacy to alleviate HIV wasting symptoms is being tested now. The drug that could help ease this young woman’s pain and suffering is cannabis or, in other words, marijuana. Marijuana, in most states, is said to have no medical benefits. Therefore, it is considered a schedule 1 controlled drug by the national government. This means that marijuana cannot be used as treatment for any medical conditions or ailments. The young girl now faces the grim reality that something out there may be able to lessen her suffering, but because of governmentally mandated laws, she will not be able to obtain it lawfully. Many American citizens face this scenario each year. Whether marijuana is illegal or not is not up for debate in this essay. What is up for discussion is if marijuana can be used as an effective drug to provide medically defined sick individuals with relief from what ails them. As afore mentioned, this essay is to discuss the legalization or continued illegalization of medical marijuana for the sake of the many citizens in poor health. David G. Evans wrote a letter to the Time magazine editor entitled, â€Å"Medical Marijuana: an oxymoron†. David G. Evans argues that the national government should continue the prohibition of Medical Marijuana. His most justified argument is the fact that the Food and Drug Administration has yet to approve medical marijuana for medical use (Evans par. 2). On the other hand, Kevin O’Brien and Peter A. Clark argue for the legalization of medical marijuana in needed cases. They claim that in some instances medical marijuana is the only form of medicine that is effective. They both collaborated to write the case study â€Å"Mothers and Son: the case of Medical Marijuana†. A third article will be used to discredit or reinforce each article’s claims in a judicious indiscriminate manner. The third article is a research paper written by Tia Taylor from the American College of Physicians. The article is regarding medical marijuana. This in-depth researched paper has highly researched and supported arguments. The research paper’s goal is to clarify the Physicians’ intentions for medical marijuana and to argue reasons how medical marijuana could be an asset to the medical field. The two articles are well written as well as principally factual. Notwithstanding, one article is more persuasive and more factually based then the other. The case study â€Å"Mother and son: the case of medical marijuana† has slightly more reasonable claims, therefore it would seem to have the better argument. In an attempt to be unbiased, a comprehensive analysis of both articles is needed. This will be done in a way that discusses each author’s claims and some of their intrinsic worth. The title of the first article is â€Å"Medical Marijuana: an oxymoron. † This article is a letter to the editor printed in Time Magazine and written by David G. Evans. David G. Evans is the executive director of the Drug-Free Schools Coalition, a program that teaches children about the dangers of using drugs. His job qualifications entail knowing information about marijuana and other harmful drugs. As a result, he is well informed about issues of drugs as well as being a stern opponent of anything pro-drug. He makes a great deal of relevant claims. One such claim is that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has yet to approve smoked marijuana as medicine (Evans par. 2). This is because smoked marijuana has yet to meet the clinical trial standards for public use. Many organizations reject marijuana because smoked marijuana is â€Å"crude† or ineffective (Evans par. 4). Marijuana is not a very good choice of medicine when compared to other safer and effective drugs. Evans claims that smoking is not the most effective way to deliver the drug to the body (Evans par. 5). In addition to not being able to calculate the dosage of marijuana effectively, there are harmful side effects that the use of marijuana can create. He claims that marijuana use increases the chances of addiction and drug use among children (Evans par. 7). He also claims that marijuana’s continued mainstreaming is obstructing children’s view of it as a dangerous drug. He goes on to say that, the states with pro-medical marijuana â€Å"initiatives† have the highest amount of drug addictions (Evans par. 7). He goes on to end by saying that he is a cancer survivor and he knows how it feels to have feelings of hopelessness (Evans par. 9). He says that he is not against people who actually need medical marijuana. He is in opposition to the people who will manipulate the system to support their drug habits (Evans par. 8). The following article is entitled â€Å"Mother and son: the case of medical marijuana† from The Hastings Center Report. This second article is a case study done by Kevin 0’Brien and Peter A. Clark. The subject of the case study is a family, a mother and her seven-year-old son JJ. JJ is hyperactive and aggressive; in fact, he has been like this for most of his life (Clark, O’Brien par 1). He has seen numerous physicians as well as had numerous medicines prescribed to help treat his condition (Clark, O’Brien 2). Nonetheless, nothing seems to work very effectively. JJ’s mother began trying to find alternatives that could possibly help her son. In 2001, she discovered that marijuana could possibly help her son (Clark, O’Brian par. 3). With counsel from her son’s physician, she began JJ on a daily regimen of marijuana. Thus far, JJ’s mother has seen improvement in her son’s condition after treating him with medical marijuana. Medical marijuana has helped this young child function. Kevin O’Brien and Peter A. Clark have written their opinions in this case study; however, this essay will only focus on Peter A. Clark’s opinion for the sake of time. Peter A. Clark is an associate professor of health administration and theology at Saint Joseph’s University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He is also the bioethicist for Mercer Health System in Philadelphia. He supports the use of medical marijuana. He reinforces his opinion by using information from eleven scientists commissioned by the president of the United States and appointed by the Institute of Medicine to study marijuana in 1999 (Clark, O’Brian par. 14). The reports say that the benefits of the medical use of marijuana are limited because of the adverse affect of the smoke. They still recommended the use of it if no other options were effective. They also found that administering the drug to sick people does not influence the drug use of the general public. According to the study, marijuana is not a gateway drug and the fact that the government still has not reclassified marijuana as a schedule 2 drug is jeopardizing the health and well-being of many Americans (Clark, O’Brian par. 14). He says that we are now faced with two good and bad consequences: marijuana can sometimes work better than some conventional methods and marijuana has adverse long-term effects that can lead to addiction (Clark, O’ Brian par. 5). He also talks about the fact that Marinol is an alternative to marijuana; however, it has its shortcomings (Clark, O’Brien par. 17). Marinol is a synthetic form of marijuana. Although it negates the negative effects of marijuana, Marinol is very expensive: $500 dollars for 100 ten-milligram capsules. It is reported by patient s that Marinol is very strong but weakens severely after continued use. He also says that studies show that marijuana works more effectively than Marinol. That is why marijuana is a better choice of drug than Marinol both costliness and effectiveness (Clark, O’Brian par. 17). He believes that the only main concerns about medical marijuana are the chances of long-term complications and the fact that the dosage, sometime in the future, will have to be increased (Clark, O’Brien par. 18). He ends by saying that it is unacceptable for physicians to refuse to offer medicinal marijuana to patients. Some patients are suffering badly and traditional treatments are not working for them (Clark, O’Brien par. 18). The doctor is obligated to help the patient by any means necessary. Both of the articles talk about whether or not smoked marijuana is an effective way to administer cannabis to a patient. I believe that this argument is a very important argument in order to show which author supports their argument with strong, factual evidence. However, to do this effectively another more proven source must be introduced. The third article is a paper written by Tia Taylor from the American College of Physicians titled â€Å"Supporting Research into the Therapeutic Role of Marijuana†. This article is more scientifically based then the other two. The article is a position paper showing the American College of Physicians’ reasons why they believe the government should support the scientific study of medical marijuana. The position paper has very well written arguments; however, to reach a well thought out conclusion for this essay I will only use one authoritative argument. In â€Å"Supporting Research into the Therapeutic Role of Marijuana†, one of the arguments that Tia Taylor writes about is the difference between smoke marijuana and an orally administered form of marijuana (American College Par. 22). She says that when first administered, oral THC is much slower reacting than its counterpart is. According to the article, oral THC also produces adverse symptoms that last more extensively han those created from smoking marijuana do (American College Par. 22). The article says that smoked THC imbibes quickly through the bloodstream; therefore, the effects are felt quicker than orally administered THC. She ends by saying that in some situation smoked marijuana can be a more appropriate approach than the oral form of THC. At this moment, enough is known on the subject of oral THC opposed to smoke THC to make an informed decision on which author comprehensively argued his position. In his article, â€Å"Medical marijuana: an oxymoron†, David G. Evans says that smoked marijuana is an ineffective way to issue THC (Evans par. ). He also says that it is impossible to calculate the medical marijuana dosage this way. He finishes by discussing the adverse effect on health of marijuana. Although Kevin O’Brien does not talk about the efficacy of smoked marijuana, he does discuss the dosage problem of marijuana. He says that marijuana is a drug and since it is self-medicated, it is supposed to be cautiously used and not abused (O’Brien Par. 10). He also talks about the fact that marijuana is, in the long-term, harmful. However, sometimes there are no other options. Although both authors did not complete a very effective argument, David G. Evans’ argument is more plausible. His argument, in some ways, follows the analytical standard set. He talks more about facts than Kevin O’Brien, who uses more of an emotionally backed argument. The articles from Kevin O’Brien and David G. Evans have valid arguments. This part of the essay will examine the approach that each author took to discuss his respective opinion. Kevin O’Brien’s argument is less based on facts and more based upon emotion. He argues more about the fact that we should be sympathetic for those who need medical marijuana (O’Brien Par. 6). He loses a great deal of credibility relaying so heavily on emotion. David G. Evans bases his arguments on facts. He makes a considerable effort to leave emotion out of his article. He is a cancer survivor and he could have written regarding his own personal battle with a debilitating disease. However, he decided to make a more factual based argument. So therefore, in my opinion, David G. Evans article is more effective at getting his point across. Although this essay is about other authors’ opinion on a certain subject, this subject is very significant today. The national government is in dispute over the issue of medical marijuana, and not just medical marijuana; the government is debating whether to legalize marijuana completely. There are issues with medical marijuana that must be resolved before the government downgrades it to a schedule 2 drug. In addition, both authors recognized these issues and discussed them eloquently even though they had their own individual biases. The intent of this article is not to show that one of the authors was right and one was wrong, but just to show which author constructed a better argument. What needs to be taken away from this essay is the fact that the government needs to address the issue of medical marijuana straight out. Works citied â€Å"American College of Physicians. † Supporting Research into the Therapeutic Role of Marijuana. Philadelphia: American College of Physicians; 2008: Position Paper. Evans, David G. â€Å"Medical marijuana: an oxymoron? † Skin Allergy News 36. 9 (2005): 14+. Academic OneFile. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. . Evans, David G. â€Å"Medical marijuana: an oxymoron? † Skin Allergy News 36. 9 (2005): 14+. Academic OneFile. Web. 16 Nov. 2009. . How to cite Article Analysis on Marijuana, Papers

Leslie Twiggy Hornby Essays - Twiggy, Model, Waif, Kate Moss, Vogue

Leslie 'Twiggy' Hornby Leslie 'Twiggy' Hornby "At 17 Leslie Hornby took hold of the world. At 21 she let it go, she was the original waif, a 60's phenomenon a superstar. She was Twiggy" (Vogue). Leslie Hornby was the revolutionary woman who changed the idea of beauty in the eyes of the fashion industry and the entire world. Twiggy exemplified the androgynous mod look that swept America as it had Britain and much of Europe in the 1960's. She healthily maintained a 5 ft 6 1/2 inch 90 lb body. Based on her thin figure, a nickname of "Twiggy" was derived. Twiggy's popularity not only produced many people who tried to look like her but also drastically increased the hourly wages of models. She paved the way for current top models like Kate Moss, Elle MacPherson, and Linda Evangelista. Twiggy was major trendsetter in America during the sixties even though she was born in England. She was found by Nigel Davies in a salon, while working as a shampoo girl. He saw her potential and immediately took her to get a haircut at a Mr. Leonard's trendy salon in London. Mr. Leonard put her picture in his shop window, and a short time later that picture was featured in the London Daily Express with a caption that read "This is the face of 1966" (Wilson). Davies, who preferred to be called Justin De Villeneuve, was quite an interesting character with his past resume containing ex-model, ex-antique dealer, and ex-hairdresser. After he discovered her, he (age 25) became Twiggy's (age 15) agent and boyfriend. He took her to Paris and a short while after her popularity grew, she was put on the cover of Elle Magazine, as well as Paris Match and the British edition of Vogue. During Twiggy's peak success in Europe, De Villeneuve set up Twiggy Enterprises Ltd. where he gathered a line of clothes, false eyelashes, cosmetics, dolls, and posters all endorsed by Twiggy. The business brought in millions. Since Twiggy was so young, Justin ran the entire business. She only had to agree to what she liked and put her name on it. The thought of a Model taking advantage of her success to start an enterprise was completely revolutionary. Once again Twiggy paved the way for models like Cindy Crawford, Claudia Schiffer, Kate Moss, and Naomi Campbell all of which opened highly successful restaurants, and made exercise tapes, clothes, calendars, posters, and many other products. The enterprising aspect of being a top model was started by Twiggy and that influence is commonly seen in the business world today. Twiggy's next step in her career was to travel to the United States. Twiggy's success soared when she made her first visit to America. On March 20,1967 the second she stepped off the plane she was swarmed by fans, and was candy to the media's eyes. She was like a fever that spread. Everyone wanted a piece of her. Her pictures were everywhere. Twiggy's popularity allowed her to charge revolutionary high prices an hour. She charged as much as $240 an hour opposed to a 50's top model like Suzy Parker who only received about $40 an hour (Century of Models). Once again Twiggy set the standard for 90's top models to earn outrageous sums of money. For example, the 90's Twiggy (Kate Moss) earns about 26.3 million dollars a year. One reason for Twiggy's great success was that the public had never seen anyone like her. She had a completely new look that took the entire world by surprise. During the 40's, long limbed, and sophisticated was the trend. In the 50's, a more curvaceous womanly look (Marilyn Monroe) was in. Twiggy set the 60's waiflike standard. What a leap from Marilyn to Twiggy. They were almost completely opposite. Twiggy's influence is still seen on today's runways and television. The current day Twiggy is Kate Moss. Her figure is strikingly similar (Twiggy 31-22-32, Moss 33-22-35) (Century of Models). Remarkably, Twiggy's favorite thing to eat was ice cream, bananas and hot fudge, she doesn't drink or smoke but"eats like a horse" (Time). Twiggy is one of those girls who has an extremely high metabolism and is healthy but just cannot gain weight. As a child, her mother was very worried about Leslie's thinness and took her to see many doctors. The doctors concluded that the thinness was just a result of her body type and couldn't be helped. When asked what she thought of her figure as "the thing of the future" she replied "it's not really what you call a figure, is

Make Your Essay Flow Using Transitions

Make Your Essay Flow Using Transitions Your written report, whether it is a creative, three-paragraph essay, or an extensive research paper, must be organized in a way that presents a satisfying experience for the reader. Sometimes it just seems impossible to make a paper flow- but that generally happens because your paragraphs aren’t arranged in the best possible order. Two essential ingredients for a great-reading paper are logical order and smart transitions. Create Flow With Better Paragraph Order The first step toward creating flow is making sure your paragraphs are put together in a logical order. Many times, the first draft of a report or essay is a little choppy and out of sequence. The good news about writing an essay of any length is that you can use cut and paste to rearrange your paragraphs. At first, this might sound terrifying: when you finish a draft of an essay it feels much like you have given birth- and cutting and pasting sounds scary. Don’t worry. You can simply  use a practice version of your paper to experiment with. Once you have finished a draft of your paper, save it and name it. Then make a second version by copying the entire first draft and pasting it into a new document. Now that you have a draft to experiment with, print it out and read it over. Do the paragraphs and topics flow in a logical order? If not, assign each paragraph a number and write the number in the margin. Don’t be at all surprised if you find that a paragraph on page three looks like it could work better on page one.Once you’ve numbered all the paragraphs, start cutting and pasting them in your document until they match your numbering system.Now, re-read your essay. If the order works better, you can go back and insert transition sentences between paragraphs.Finally, re-read both versions of your paper and confirm that your new version sounds better than the original. Create Flow With Transition Words Transition sentences (and words) are necessary for making connections between the claims, views, and statements you make in your writing. Transitions can involve a few words or a few sentences. If you can imagine your report as a quilt made up of many squares, you could think of your transition statements as the stitches that connect the squares. Red stitches might make your quilt ugly, while white stitching would give it flow. For some types of writing, transitions can contain just a few simple words. Words like also, furthermore, and yet, can be used to connect one idea to another. I had to walk two miles each morning to get to school. Yet, the distance was not something I considered a burden.I enjoyed walking to school when my friend Rhonda walked with me and talked about her travels.   For more sophisticated essays, you’ll need a few sentences to make your paragraphs flow. While the research was conducted at a university in Colorado, there is no evidence that altitude was considered to be a factor  ...A similar exercise was carried out in the mountain state of West Virginia, where similar extremes of altitude exist. You will find that its easy to come up with effective transitions once your paragraphs are arranged in the most logical order.

Parode and Related Terms in Ancient Greek Plays

Parode and Related Terms in Ancient Greek Plays Parode, also referred to as parodos and, in English, the entrance ode, is a term used in ancient Greek theater. The term could have two separate meanings. The first and more common meaning of parode is the first song sung by the chorus as it enters the orchestra in a Greek play. The parode typically follows the play’s prologue (opening dialogue). An exit ode is known as an exode. The second meaning of parode refers to a side entrance of a theater. Parodes allow side access to the stage for actors and to the orchestra for members of the chorus. In typical Greek theatres, there was a parode on each side of the stage. Since the choruses most often entered the stage from a side entrance while singing, the single word parode came to be used for both the side entrance and the first song. Structure of a Greek Tragedy The typical structure of a Greek tragedy is as follows: 1. Prologue: An opening dialogue  presenting the  tragedys topic  that took place before the entry of the chorus. 2. Parode (Entrance Ode):  The entry chant or song of the chorus, often in an anapestic (short-short-long) marching rhythm or meter of four feet per line. (A foot in poetry contains one stressed syllable and at least one unstressed syllable.) Following the parode, the chorus typically remains onstage throughout the remainder of the play. The parode and other choral odes usually involve the following parts, repeated in order several times: Strophà ª (Turn): A stanza in which the chorus moves in one direction (toward the altar).Antistrophà ª (Counter-Turn):  The following stanza, in which it moves in the opposite direction. The antistrophe is in the same meter as the strophe.Epode (After-Song): The epode is in a different, but related, meter to the strophe and antistrophe and is chanted by the chorus standing still. The epode is often omitted, so there may be a series of strophe-antistrophe pairs without intervening epodes. 3. Episode: There are several  episodes in which actors interact with the chorus. Episodes are typically sung or chanted. Each episode ends with a  stasimon. 4.  Stasimon (Stationary Song):  A choral ode in which the chorus may react to the preceding episode. 5.  Exode (Exit Ode):  The exit song of the chorus after the last episode. Structure of a Greek Comedy The typical Greek comedy had a slightly different structure than the typical Greek tragedy. The chorus is also larger in a traditional Greek comedy. The structure is as follows: 1. Prologue: Same as in the tragedy, including presenting the topic. 2. Parode (Entrance Ode): Same as in the tragedy, but the chorus takes up a position either for or against the hero. 3. Agà ´n (Contest): Two speakers debate the topic, and the first speaker loses. Choral songs may occur towards the end. 4. Parabasis (Coming Forward): After the other characters have left the stage, the chorus members remove their masks and step out of character to address the audience. First, the chorus leader chants in anapests (eight feet per line) about some important, topical issue, usually ending with a breathless tongue twister. Next, the chorus sings, and there are typically four parts to the choral performance: Ode: Sung by one-half of the chorus and addressed to a god.Epirrhema (Afterword): A satyric or advisory chant (eight trochees [accented-unaccented syllables] per line) on contemporary issues by the leader of that half-chorus.Antode (Answering Ode): An answering song by the other half of the chorus in the same meter as the ode.Antepirrhema (Answering Afterword):  An answering chant by the leader of the second half-chorus, which leads back to the comedy. 5. Episode: Similar to what takes place in the tragedy. 6. Exode (Exit Song): Also similar to what takes place in the tragedy.

The Process of Managing and Design of Projects in the Construction Essay

The Process of Managing and Design of Projects in the Construction Industry - Essay Example The building has large gently sloping roofs with open vaulted ceilings and steel truss systems. It has large walls roofs and magnificent floor panels. The straight walls prevent bowing and curve hence enabling installation of tall shelves and cabinets. The building envelope considers the heated and unheated general warehouses for the rack, bulk, and storage of bins, shipping space, creating and toilet space. The design focuses on functionality and efficiency, safety, comfort, display of aesthetics, landscaping, and work safety among others. The form of the retail warehouse considers storage space, office space, and dockyard for loading, space for light industry and centres for computers. Meanwhile, warehouses are designing based on future and current needs; maximize space with good and sufficient employee movement and material handling. Layout and configuration should be optimized for quick material handling and storage. Connect the exterior and interior for goods flow in the process . Aisle widths, the design of lighting, mezzanine space, fire guards and egress design is provided for alternative material handling methods. This consists of narrow two-story terraced bungalows sitting on large block s in the city suburbs. These flats are indeed increasing in numbers. The locality may constitute both detached and semi-detached houses. The choice of terraced forms is its prevalence in the inner city which came into existence before the establishments of car bazaars. Population growth has necessitated the growth of multi-unit apartments. This has also been provoked by pressure on the environment and economy to reduce family numbers.

Flying cheap Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Flying cheap - Movie Review Example The ‘continental connection flight’ 3407was a commuter flight and is exactly the recreation of the documentary by Young and which depicts the errors with the pilot as well as the first officer to have caused the crash (Genzlinger, para 1-5). The documentary depicts evolutionary process in the regional system of airlines with the special focus on the relatively small airline companies such as the Colgan Company. The movie depicts the operations of the rather small airliners carrying the big names like ‘continental’ on them despite their failure to meet at least the minimum standards of operation in safety as well as training for the crew members. The plot features a former Colgan Pilot’s description of his daily routine at Colgan as a pilot. Many short routes coupled with lots of ‘landings’ and ‘take offs’ as well as meeting and braving bad weather are basic daily experiences to any pilot with the company. This according to him is so tiring and often presents a very long day to the pilot and crewmembers. As the documentary features, passengers often make a misinformed perception whenever in a plane for a flight while thinking that they are safe at the hands of the ‘well able and experienced pilot and crew members in control’ while the reality may prove otherwise. The story line adopted in the documentary is an investigative plot where it investigates how regional airline couriers especially those operating as low cost flights have steadily changed the entire air travel industry with increased awareness of competition and the need for incentives such as the cheap flights. However, the investigation line is on whether the adoption of such strategies and the need to realize higher profits is in any way related to compromises of safety standards as observed in airline operators. This is confirmed through the strategic feature of the continental connection flight, which crashed in 2009 outside Buffalo. The documentary records

En Tunisie Le Commerce

En Tunisie Le Commerce En Tunisie, le commerce à ©lectronique connaà ®t un essor notable et il est considà ©rà © comme secteur clà ©.Là ©volution du commerce à ©lectronique est en corrà ©lation avec là ©volution de linternet notamment du haut dà ©bit. En effet, il influence plusieurs secteurs notamment le secteur de tourisme qui se dà ©veloppe en E-tourisme. LE-Tourisme ou le tourisme en ligne peut se dà ©finir comme lutilisation de lInternet et du Commerce en ligne pour vendre des produits ou services touristiques. La dà ©cennie 2000 a fait lobjet dune vaste recomposition du paysage des entreprises du secteur du tourisme à   travers le monde, qui sest manifestà ©e essentiellement par la crà ©ation dun grand nombre dagences de vente en ligne. Les entreprises du secteur touristique sont dà ©jà   habituà ©es à   à ©voluer rapidement pour rà ©pondre à   la demande des consommateurs. En effet, en fonction des modes et des tendances, les voyagistes ou les hà ´teliers doivent innover, crà ©er de nouveaux services et surtout interagir entre eux. Si le tourisme est le leader du commerce à ©lectronique, cest en partie grà ¢ce à   sa dà ©matà ©rialisation. Les internautes ont trà ¨s vite appris à   se substituer aux agences de voyages et aujourdhui les e-touristes sont de vrais spà ©cialistes de loutil Internet. Bien que le e-tourisme tende à   devenir une habitude de consommation pour de nombreux internautes, les e-touristes sont encore des gens à   part. Leurs caractà ©ristiques les rendent orignaux au regard des autres utilisateurs web mais pourtant, ils deviennent de plus en plus accros à   loutil Internet et convertissent le reste de la socià ©tà ©. Chapitre I: ETUDE DU PROJET Introduction Dans ce chapitre, nous prà ©senterons là ©tude prà ©alable qui prend en compte un ensemble de paramà ¨tres tel quune prà ©sentation gà ©nà ©rale du projet et de la socià ©tà © ainsi quune à ©tude du marchà © qui sont nà ©cessaires pour la rà ©alisation de notre projet. I.1. Etude prà ©alable I.1.1. Cadre du projet Dans le cadre de notre projet en informatique de gestion spà ©cialisà © en service en ligne, nous avons effectuà © dans une boite de dà ©veloppement un stage durant 3mois du 1er fà ©vrier jusquà   la fin du mois davril à   fin de rà ©aliser une application de gestion de rà ©servation hà ´telià ¨re en ligne. I.1.2.Prà ©sentation du projet Notre projet porte sur la gestion hà ´telià ¨re qui est une vitalità © indispensable dans le dà ©roulement des actività ©s normales dun hà ´tel. Notre travail a pour objectif la conception et limplà ©mentation dune application de gestion de rà ©servation hà ´telià ¨re qui prendra en compte toutes les contraintes qui peuvent survenir lorsquun client à ©tablit des rà ©servations. A travers notre application, il est possibles de và ©rifier la liste des chambres disponibles selon les crità ¨res souhaità ©s par le client ainsi de les rà ©server afin dà ªtre occupà ©es ultà ©rieurement. I.1.3. Prà ©sentation de la socià ©tà © IC Solutions est une jeune socià ©tà © de service à ©tablie depuis juin 2008 et spà ©cialisà ©e dans les solutions de gestion informatique. Son portefeuille comprend aujourdhui une centaine de clients dans des secteurs aussi varià ©s que lhà ´tellerie, la thalassothà ©rapie, le Golf et les PME/PMI et le systà ¨me back-office. La socià ©tà © est focalisà ©e sur les services à   haute valeur ajoutà ©e et verticales notamment les serveurs bases de donnà ©es (centrales de rà ©servations pour hà ´tellerie de golf) servant de passerelles aux sites de rà ©servation en ligne. Il propose aussi leurs services pour le dà ©veloppement et la mise en place des passerelles et serveurs de donnà ©es pour un dà ©ploiement intranet ou accà ¨s public sà ©curisà © via internet. Les coordonnà ©es de cette socià ©tà © sont: I.2.Etude de lexistant Pour pouvoir prendre des dà ©cisions pertinentes, lentreprise, en tant que systà ¨me ouvert, doit tenir compte de son environnement ce qui inclus un certain nombre de composants qui ne se limitent pas à   ses partenaires à ©conomiques (clients, fournisseurs†¦). Dune manià ¨re à ©tendue, on dà ©finit lenvironnement dune entreprise comme à ©tant  «ensemble des donnà ©es et des variables externes à   lentreprise qui ont une influence sur son fonctionnement et quelle doit intà ©grer à   sa stratà ©gie ».[1] Cet environnement se divise en environnement gà ©nà ©ral et en environnement spà ©cifique. Nous prà ©senterons alors relativement lenvironnement gà ©nà ©ral et celui spà ©cifique puis lanalyse concurrentielle et nous en dà ©duirons lanalyse SWOT. I.2.1. Environnement gà ©nà ©ral Lenvironnement gà ©nà ©ral du projet est lensemble des donnà ©es externes qui linfluence et sur lesquelles elle peut agir .il regroupe tous les facteurs à ©conomiques, juridiques, socioculturels et technologiques. Alor lanalyse PEST (politique, à ©conomique, sociale, technologique) est une mà ©thode trà ¨s importante pour la dà ©marche du projet. v Etude de lenvironnement technologique Dans une situation à ©conomique caractà ©risà ©e par une forte concurrence, les à ©volutions technologiques se traduisent souvent par la remise en cause des rapports de force entre les entreprises dun mà ªme secteur puisque son incorporation rapide dans lentreprise peut lui procurer un avantage compà ©titif, certain durable ou temporaire. Selon notre projet là ©tude de lenvironnement technologique concerne les pays europà ©ens, et le reste du monde y compris la Tunisie. Pour cela, nous devons à ©tudier laugmentation rapide de lutilisation de linternet en Tunisie et en Europe: En Tunisie[2]: LInternet a connu ses dà ©buts en Tunisie en 1996, par le lancement de lagence tunisienne dInternet ATI. Cette dernià ¨re a à ©tà © crà ©Ãƒ ©e pour promouvoirlInternet en Tunisie en tant quopà ©rateur national rattachà © au ministà ¨re des technologies de la communication et du transport. Au dà ©but, lInternet à ©tait limità ©e aux professionnels et pour les particuliers qui souhaitent se connecter à   Internet, ils devaient se rendre dans ce quon appelle un publinet (là ©quivalent du cyber en France). Petit à   petit, lInternet en 56 K a commencà © à   introduire les mà ©nages tunisiens jusquà   ce que lADSL fasse son entrà ©e de manià ¨re plus gà ©nà ©ralisà ©e en 2005. Un an aprà ¨s, et aprà ¨s la tenue du SMSI (Sommet Mondial des Socià ©tà ©s dInformation) en novembre 2006, la Tunisie sest donnà ©e comme objectif daugmenterle nombre dabonnà ©s à   lADSL en ajoutant 120.000 lignes supplà ©mentaires aux 12.000 dà ©jà   existantes. Selon les statistiques de fà ©vrier2007, le nombre dutilisateurs dInternet en Tunisie a atteint 1.393.500 avec un nombre de contrat de 140.189 dont 48.655 contrat à   lADSL. Quant au raccordement à   lADSL, Tunisie Tà ©là ©com est le seul opà ©rateur tà ©là ©phonique à   le faire pour le moment. Le nombre de lignes ADSL a atteint les 305.000 lignes en dà ©cembre 2007. Pour la Tunisie, le nombre dabonnà ©s au rà ©seau Internet / 1000 habitants. En Europe[4]: Selon une à ©tude de lECTA (European Competitive Telecommunications Association) plus de 64 millions dEuropà ©ens avaient accà ¨s à   lInternet haut dà ©bit dans les 25 pays membres de lUE à   la fin du premier trimestre 2006. Le taux de pà ©nà ©tration moyen du haut dà ©bit dans lUE atteint dà ©sormais 14%. Une moyenne honorable comparà ©e au taux de pà ©nà ©tration du haut dà ©bit au Japon (18,3%) ou aux Etats-Unis (17,3%). Avec prà ¨s de 53 millions daccà ¨s au 31 mars 2006, lADSL demeure la technologie daccà ¨s à   lInternet rapide dominante en Europe, captant environ 82% du parc total haut dà ©bit, loin devant le cà ¢ble dont la part de marchà © est restà ©e stable à   16%. Par ailleurs, lUE compte prà ¨s de 677.450 accà ¨s trà ¨s haut dà ©bit par fibre optique, ou technologie FTTH (Fiber to the home). La France accuse un là ©ger retard sur cette technologie par rapport à   certains de ses voisins europà ©ens, notamment la Suà ¨de et lItalie (respectivement 313.000 et 233.000 accà ¨s FTTH), le Danemark (11.971 lignes). Depuis le mois davril au 30 juin 2008, laugmentation a à ©tà © de 3%, ce qui reprà ©sente 448000 abonnà ©s supplà ©mentaires contre une augmentation de 18% (2,53 millions) sur lannà ©e à ©coulà ©e (30 juin 2007 au 30 juin 2008). Ces deux statistiques montrent que malgrà © là ©volution rà ©alisà ©e au niveau dinternet, il reste un à ©cart entre les pays dà ©veloppà ©s et la Tunisie. v Etude de lenvironnement socioculturel Lenvironnement socioculturel englobe tous ce qui culture dachat à   distance, perception dinternet et taux de dà ©tention de cartes bancaires. Le tableau suivant donne quelque indicateur sur le mode de paiement en Tunisie. En Europe[7]: Un Europà ©en sur trois a effectuà © un achat sur internet en 2008. La Commission europà ©enne met en avant la popularità © grandissante de le-commerce. La commissaire europà ©enne en charge de la consommation, regrette cependant que les consommateurs se limitent aux marchà ©s nationaux et nà ©gligent majoritairement les commerà §ants en ligne des autres pays europà ©ens. Le nombre dEuropà ©ens à   avoir achetà © au moins un article sur internet, a grimpà © de 27 % en 2006 à   33 % en 2008 pour sà ©tablir à   150 millions de consommateurs. Cest surtout au Danemark (59%), en Grande-Bretagne (57%) et aux Pays-Bas (56%) que les achats en ligne sont extrà ªmement populaires. v Etude de lenvironnement à ©conomique Il sagit tout dabord du systà ¨me à ©conomique dans lequel à ©volue le projet (systà ¨me capitaliste ou socialiste par exemple) mais il sagit surtout de là ©volution des principales variables à ©conomiques (inflation, croissance à ©conomique, à ©volution du taux de change†¦) qui a une incidence sur la politique du projet (politique dinvestissement, dà ©localisation†¦). v Etude de lenvironnement politique Dans sa stratà ©gie nationale de promotion et de dà ©veloppement du commerce à ©lectronique, la Tunisie met laccent sur la nà ©cessità © de modifier certaines lois lià ©es aux obligations et contrats, à   la vente à   distance, au code pà ©nal et à   lensemble des textes ayant trait aux documents et signature à ©lectronique. Pour cela, elle a menà © les travaux suivants : Ø Modifications des lois:  · Loi n ° 99-89 du 2 aoà »t 1999 : Code pà ©nal (des infractions portant sur le commerce et lindustrie).  · Loi n ° 98-40 du 2 juin 1998 : techniques de vente et la publicità © commerciale.  · Loi n ° 2000-57 du 13 juin 2000 : code des obligations et des contrats Ø Promulgations des lois :  · Loi n ° 2000-83 du 9 aoà »t 2000, relative aux à ©changes et commerce à ©lectronique  · Loi n ° 2004-63 du 27 juillet 2004, portant sur la protection des donnà ©es à   caractà ¨re personnel.  · Loi n °2005-51 du 27 juin 2005 relative au transfert à ©lectronique des fonds. I.2.2. Environnement spà ©cifique Le projet peut influencer certaines variables dans son environnement spà ©cifique ou micro environnement avec laction sur les partenaires, les fournisseurs, les marchà ©s, les concurrents, les clients, la technologie. Et grà ¢ces à   tous ces facteurs, la rà ©alisation de ce projet nà ©cessite une à ©tude stratà ©gique du comportement des consommateurs et de la concurrence. I.2.3. Etude concurrentielle Là ©tude concurrentiellea pour objectif de comparer notre site avec celui des autres compà ©titeurs intervenant dans le mà ªme domaine. Rà ©alisà © par nos analystes, il porte sur tous les aspects qui font la diffà ©rence sur le Web : * La page daccueil : structure et contenus mis en avant * Ergonomie : les outils de navigation privilà ©già ©s * Les meilleurs outils de fidà ©lisation utilisà ©s * Les processus davant-vente et de commande les plus aboutis * Les contenus et les services à   valeur ajoutà ©e * Le niveau dinteractività © et la qualità © de la relation clients-prospects Dans ce cas on va à ©tudier la concurrence qui existe à   là ©chelle nationale puis a là ©chelle internationale. v La concurrence a là ©chelle nationale Traveltodo, agence tunisienne de voyage spà ©cialisà ©e dans la rà ©servation des sà ©jours hà ´teliers et touristiques via internet, a affichà © des acquis performants durant lannà ©e à ©coulà ©e pour atteindre 70000 clients en 2009 contre 18000 clients en 2007. Cette agence prà ©sente tout ce qui est nouveautà ©, promotion et autre offre, il propose aussi la rà ©servation de voyages hors de Tunisie et la possibilità © de payer en ligne votre billet davion, votre hà ´tel ainsi que la location dune voiture sur plus de 1000 destinations à   travers le monde. Traveltodo possà ¨de un site dynamique qui prà ©sente des catalogues et des offres dont la page daccueil est la suivante: Mix marketing: à ¼ Prix: Les utilisateurs cherchent toujours les meilleures offres de tous les sites, alors toutes les agences de voyage en ligne offrent presque les mà ªmes prix pour la rà ©servation dhà ©bergement avec une diffà ©rence limità ©e. Cest pour cette raison, Traveltodo encourage leurs internautes par la rà ©duction des prix à   chaque fois quils rà ©servent plus en utilisant le site pour quils deviennent des clients fidà ¨les. Dautre part, le prix peuvent augmentà ©s ou diminuer selon: type dhà ©bergement type de la chambre vue de la chambre la saison à ¼ Produit: Traveltodo propose leurs produits comme à ©tant des services. Ces services spà ©cialisà ©s dans la rà ©servation comme: hà ©bergement selon la localisation et la catà ©gorie dhà ´tel et la saison. location des voitures billets davion, bateaux†¦.. à ¼ Communication: traveltodo utilise les offres et les promotions comme à ©tant une publicità © de leur service, il les publie sur le site dans la page daccueil spà ©cifique à   chaque saison et disponible pour tout le monde (internaute ou client). Et puisque la page daccueil de nimporte quel site est le miroir de ses services, traveltodo utilise la publication de leur offre comme une mà ©thode dattirer le grand maximum des clients. à ¼ Interface client: cest une interface disponible seulement pour le client, il rà ©pond à   tous ses besoins, elle contient: contexte: la liaison entre les pages est gà ©nà ©ralement rapide à   laide dun simple click, il est basà © sur les caractà ¨res suivants: moteur de recherche disponible pour la facilità © des recherches, toutes les informations lisibles et claires pour la navigation, toutes les taches sont exà ©cutables. communication: la communication entre ladministrateur et le client est une chose trà ¨s importante pour la continuità © des services. La communication peut se faire à   partir de newsletter ou à   partir de-mail ou par le numà ©ro de tà ©là ©phone ou par ladresse locale. contenu: le contenu du site est limage de leurs services. Travel todo prà ©sente une galerie des photos pour chaque hà ´tel avec la description dà ©taillà ©e pour les caractà ©ristiques, il affiche aussi des informations fiables et importantes pour les offres connexion: la connexion est disponible à   travers des liens internes. commercial: dans le domaine de commerce à ©lectronique et le service en ligne, le mode de paiement est un peut risquer, car il se fait totalement en ligne, est le seul moyen cest dutiliser un paiement sà ©curisà ©, comme les services de Paypal (basà © sur linfrastructure financià ¨re existante des comptes et cartes bancaires) ou les services de SPS pour lencodage et le traitement sà ©curisà © des donnà ©es bancaires. à ¼ Critique: le site traveltodo prà ©sente des points forts et des points faibles comme tous les sites: les points forts:  · site guidà © par des liens interne un moteur de recherche  · Autre service disponible  · Paiement sà ©curisà ©  · Mise à   jour pour les offres et les promotions les points faibles:  · Mal prà ©sentation des photos v La concurrence a là ©chelle internationale: Le groupe Promovacances est le spà ©cialiste du voyage en ligne. N °1 Franà §ais de la vente de sà ©jours sur Internet, le site propose aujourdhui loffre de voyages la plus large et la plus complà ¨te du marchà ©, avec plus de 5000 produits rà ©actualisà ©s quotidiennement, sur plus de 200 destinations. Lobsession de ce site est dassurer le meilleur rapport qualità © / prix sur les sà ©jours, circuits, week-ends, hà ´tels, locations, vols, croisià ¨res Lannà ©e dernià ¨re plus de 400 000 clients ont fait confiance. Mix marketing: à ¼ Prix: promovacances est lun des meilleurs sites de rà ©servations en ligne, il propose leurs prix aprà ¨s lanalyse dà ©taillà ©e des autres sites de mà ªme domaine dactività ©. Promovacances cità ©s plusieurs prix de rà ©servation selon: catà ©gorie et localisation dhà ´tel, type des chambres et nombre des personnes catà ©gorie et localisation dhà ´tel, type des chambres et nombre des personnes plus le vol (nombre des personnes). à ¼ Produit: Promovacances propose leurs produits comme à ©tant des services. Ces services ne sont pas limità ©s ils offrent dautres services comme: des idà ©es de vacances des croisià ¨res des offres spà ©cialà ©ess pour les familles et les enfants rà ©servation des billets davion à ¼ Communication: Promovacances utilise les offres et les promotions comme à ©tant une publicità © de leurs services, il les publie sur le site dans la page daccueil, parmi ces offres on peut citer: sà ©jour billet davion ski croisià ¨re à ¼ Interface client: cest une interface disponible seulement pour le client, il rà ©pond à   tous ses besoins, elle contient: contexte: le site est bien crà ©Ãƒ © il contient des informations lisibles et bien prà ©sentà ©es qui rà ©pondent aux demandes de ses utilisateurs . communication: la communication entre ladministrateur et le client est une chose trà ¨s importante pour la continuità © des services offerts. La communication dans ce site peut se faire à   partir de-mail ou par le numà ©ro de tà ©là ©phone ou par ladresse locale . contenu: le contenu du site est limage de leurs services. Promovacances prà ©sente une galerie des photos pour chaque hà ´tel avec une description dà ©taillà ©e, il affiche aussi des informations fiables et importantes comme les offres avec lutilisation des couleurs gaies et attirantes pour attirer le grand maximum des utilisateurs. La navigation est facile entre les pages ce qui facilite la recherche, aussi la mise à   jour rà ©gulià ¨re des promotions et des offres. connexion: des liens lisibles et clairs pour la facilità © des recherches. à ¼ Critique: le site Promovacances prà ©sente des points forts et des points faibles -les points forts:  · Page daccueil bien prà ©sentà ©e  · Les photos et les offres sont bien placà ©es  · lisibilità © et facilità © de navigation -les points faibles:  · Manque danimation au niveau des offres et des publicità ©s I.2.4. Analyse SWOT Lanalyse SWOT: (Forces Faiblesses Opportunità ©s, Menaces) permet didentifier les forces et les faiblesses internes dune entità ©, ses opportunità ©s dà ©volution ainsi que les menaces susceptibles daffecter sa raison dà ªtre ou de compromettre latteinte de ses objectifs. Il est utilisà © pour construire un projet et pour rà ©viser la stratà ©gie dune entità ©. Les opportunità ©s et menaces permettent de dà ©finir les orientations de dà ©veloppement relatives au positionnement externe. Les forces et les faiblesses permettent de dà ©finir les orientations damà ©lioration interne portant sur la structure et le mode de fonctionnement de lentità ©. Entreprise Marchà © Force Faiblesses Opportunità ©s Menaces  · la clartà © et la sà ©curità © de la partie paiement .Clartà © de loffre de contenus et des services .Des promotions rà ©gulià ¨res. .IC-solutions est nouvellement crà ©e. .Manque de clientà ¨le, la socià ©tà © est entrain de prospecter des nouveaux clients. .Manque de personnel. .Letourisme en Tunisieest lun des secteurs les plus dynamiques de là ©conomie de la Tunisieet une source dedevisespour le pays. Le tourisme a un effet dentraà ®nement sur dautres secteurs à ©conomiques, tels que le transport aà ©rien, lartisanat, le commerce et le bà ¢timent .le domaine de tourisme est devenu plus riche à   cause de lencouragement de là ©tat .là ©volution de domaine de E-commerce et E-tourisme .la diversità © des types des touristes .Environnement international de plus en plus concurrentiel .la richesse des services de nos concurrents qui ne se limitent pas à   la rà ©servation hà ´telià ¨re interne mais elle passe au niveau international ChapitreII: Etude et spà ©cification des besoins II.1. Choix du langage de modà ©lisation Pour dà ©velopper une application, il ne faut pas se lancer tà ªte baissà ©e dans là ©criture du code. Il faut dabord organiser les idà ©es, les documenter, puis organiser la rà ©alisation en dà ©finissant les modules et à ©tapes de la rà ©alisation. Cest cette dà ©marche antà ©rieure à   là ©criture que lon appelle modà ©lisation », et pour mener à   bien notre projet, nous avons choisi dutiliser la mà ©thodologie UML. Cest une mà ©thode, une description normative des à ©tapes de la modà ©lisation: les auteurs dUML ont en effet estimà © quil nà ©tait pas opportun de dà ©finir une telle mà ©thode en raison de la diversità © des cas particuliers. IUML comporte 12 diagrammes standards reprà ©sentant autant de vues dun systà ¨me dinformation.Ces diagrammes se rà ©partissent en trois catà ©gories : quatre reprà ©sentent la structure statique de lapplication (diagrammes de classe, dobjet, de composant et de dà ©ploiement) ; cinq reprà ©sentent son comportement dynamique (diagrammes de cas dutilisation, de sà ©quence, dactività ©, de collaboration et dà ©tat) ; trois reprà ©sentent la faà §on dont on peut organiser et gà ©rer les modules qui composent le programme (diagrammes de packages, sous-systà ¨mes et modà ¨les). structure statique structure dynamique Organisation et gestion des modules -Diagramme de classe -Diagramme dobjet -Diagramme de composant -Diagramme de dà ©ploiement -diagramme de cas dutilisation -diagramme de sà ©quence -diagramme dactività © -diagramme de collaboration -diagramme dà ©tat -diagramme de packages -diagramme de sous-systà ¨mes -diagramme des modà ¨les Ces diagrammes sont dune utilità © variable selon les cas et ils ne sont pas tous nà ©cessairement produits à   loccasion de la modà ©lisation. Les plus utiles pour la maà ®trise douvrage sont les diagrammes dactività ©, de cas dutilisation, de classe, dobjet, de sà ©quence. Les diagrammes de composants, de dà ©ploiement et de collaboration sont surtout utiles pour la maà ®trise dÅ“uvre à   qui ils permettent de formaliser les contraintes techniques de la rà ©alisation et la solution technique retenue. II.2. Besoins fonctionnels Le rà ©sultat souhaità © de notre projet est une application web de rà ©servation hà ´telià ¨re qui sadresse aux particuliers cherchant une mà ©thode plus rapide et efficace de rà ©servation hà ´telià ¨re (rà ©servation en ligne), ainsi que chaque hà ´tel dà ©sire publier ses offres. En effet, cette application est composà ©e de Cinq espaces: le premier est lespace extà ©rieur qui est accessible par tout le monde, le deuxià ¨me est lespace membre qui est accessible seulement par les membres inscrits se son les clients. Le troisià ¨me est lespace backoffice du site qui est nest accessible que par ladministrateur. Le quatrià ¨me est lespace responsable dhà ´tel (chaque hà ´tel a son responsable) . Le site doit garantir et assurer un certain nombre de fonctionnalità ©s pour les diffà ©rents utilisateurs du site: linternaute, le client, lagent dhà ´tel, et ladministrateur. Ces besoins sont regroupà ©s dans ce qui suit par type dutilisateur. v Les besoins fonctionnels de ladministrateur Un administrateur est utilisateur spà ©cifique habilità © à   gà ©rer les informations enregistrà ©es dans la base de donnà ©es et passà © dans tous droits de la gestion des utilisateurs à   la gestion de droit daccà ¨s. En bref, ladministrateur nest soumis à   aucune restriction, cela signifie quil a accà ¨s à   toutes les donnà ©es et toutes les informations en temps rà ©el. Un administrateur a pour rà ´le: Ø Sauthentifier Ø Gà ©rer ces utilisateurs Ø Gà ©rer les offres Ø Gà ©rer les messages Ø Mise à   jour Ø Validation final de rà ©servation Ø Faire des statistiques (nombre de la rà ©servation par rà ©gion) Ø La validation de toutes les donnà ©es saisies par les membres inscrits v Les besoins fonctionnels dun internaute Un internaute est dà ©fini comme toute personne pouvant afficher une page sans avoir à   sidentifier au prà ©alable. Ø Consulter catalogues Ø Faire des recherches: linternaute peut avoir accà ¨s aux offres rapidement grà ¢ce à   loutil de recherche, (rapide) par lutilisation de mots clà ©s Ø Sinscrire comme membre: elle seffectue en passant par deux à ©tapes. En premier lieu, linternaute remplit un formulaire oà ¹ il saisit des informations personnelles. En second lieu, il reà §oit un email de validation qui lui permet de valider son compte. Ø Consulter les offres Ø Contacter ladministrateur v Les besoins fonctionnels dun client Un client est une personne enregistrà ©e dans la base de donnà ©e et pouvant gà ©rer dautres fonctionnalità ©s autre que la consultation. Ø Sauthentifier Ø Faire des recherches: linternaute peut avoir accà ¨s aux offres rapidement grà ¢ce à   loutil de recherche (rapide) par lutilisation de mots clà ©s Ø Consulter catalogues Ø Effectuer rà ©servation Ø Payer rà ©servation Ø Consulter et sà ©lectionner les offres Ø Consulter son espace Ø Gà ©rer ces rà ©servations v Les besoins fonctionnels dun agent dhà ´tel Un responsable dhà ´tel est une personne qui a le droit de gà ©rer son espace (Hà ´tel) et leur base de donnà ©es et na aucune relation avec les autres espaces des autres hà ´tels c.-à  -d. chaque hà ´tel a son responsable. Il peut: Ø Sauthentifier Ø Gà ©rer hà ´tel (ajouter, modifier, supprimer des informations) Ø Gà ©rer catalogue (ajouter, modifier ou supprimer des photos) II.3. Besoins non fonctionnels La spà ©cification des besoins est une description de lensemble des contraintes (esthà ©tiques, ergonomiques et techniques) caractà ©risant le site pour que les besoins fonctionnels soient opà ©rationnels. II.3.1. Les Contraintes esthà ©tiques En ce qui concerne le choix des couleurs, on a utilisà © le bleu, le blanc, le noir. Le bleu : cest une couleur qui revà ªt un caractà ¨re neutre, dacceptation globale, dà ©là ©vation, de paix intà ©rieure et de calme. Aussi Le bleu est la couleur de la fraà ®cheur, de limagination et de la paix et à ©galement celle de la royautà © et de la noblesse. Le blanc: La couleur blanche est le symbole de la puretà © et de linnocence. Elle est la rà ©union de couleurs primaires et cest sans doute pour cela, outre sa couleur neutre, quelle se marie avec tout. Mieux, elle harmonise le tout : agrandit lespace, le purifie, lui donne une touche dà ©là ©gance, donne du reflet aux autres couleurs. En un mot, elle illumine. Le noir: Le noir est là ©là ©gance et la distinction par excellence. Pourtant sombre, cest la couleur du luxe, de la richesse et de sà ©rieux. II.3.2. Les Contraintes dergonomie Les contraintes ergonomiques concernent la faà §on dont les utilisateurs vont pouvoir utiliser le site.  § La navigation doit à ªtre simple et claire. Le navigateur doit pouvoir dà ©couvrir tous les liens et ait accà ¨s à   toutes les pages sans à ªtre perdu.  § Pour la lisibilità © il faut sassurer de la clartà © des liens et du contenu de telle sorte que le navigateur puisse trouver tout ce quil dà ©sire le plus vite possible.  § Il faut sassurer que le contenu soit bien structurà © et bien organisà © pour attirer un plus grand nombre de visiteurs et les inciter à   passer une durà ©e plus longue à   naviguer sur ce site. II.3.3. Les Contraintes techniques La crà ©ation dune application web nà ©cessite lutilisation dun langage de programmation qui permet la manipulation des informations qui sont stockà ©es dans une base de donnà ©es. Pour crà ©er R-Hà ´tel, nous avons recours au langage PHP, JavaScript et MySQL pour crà ©er la base des donnà ©es du fait que nous avons assez de connaissances sur ces langages. II.4. Formulations des besoins sous forme de cas dutilisations II.4.1. Diagramme de cas dutilisation a-Dà ©finition Un cas dutilisation est une faà §on dutiliser le systà ¨me. Le terme cas dutilisation est explicite : dans quel cas tel acteur utilise-t-il le systà ¨me ? Chaque rà ©ponse à   cette question est donc par dà ©finition un cas dutilisation. Les cas dutilisation font aujourdhui partie intà ©grante dUML et constituent dailleurs le premier crità ¨re à   prendre en compte dans le choix de la mà ©thode associà ©e à   UML. Ils font rà ©fà ©rence aux acteurs, aux choses externes au systà ¨me et qui communiquentavec le systà ¨me. Un cas dutilisation est constituà © dun ensemble dinteractionsentre acteur(s) et systà ¨me. Cette caractà ©ristique est extrà ªmement importante : les cas reprà ©sentent des interactions. b- Les diffà ©rentes relations entre cas dutilisation Les cas dutilisation servent à   dà ©finir les besoins des acteurs et à   identifier dans quel but vont-ils se servir du systà ¨me. Un cas dutilisation exprime les interactions entre les acteurs et le systà ¨me et apporte une valeur ajoutà ©e à   lacteur concernà ©. Une figure comme une personne humaine ou un robot qui peut à ªtre plusieurs acteurs pour un systà ¨me, cest pourquoi les acteurs doivent surtout à ªtre dà ©crits par leur rà ´le, ce rà ´le dà ©crit les besoins et les capacità ©s de lacteur. Alors Un acteur agit sur le systà ¨me. Dautre part, une à ©clipse reprà ©sentant le nom du cas dutilisation soit la tache à   effectuer. Un acteur peut avoir plusieurs rà ´les et peut à ©galement hà ©riter les rà ´les dautres acteurs. Participation de lacteur signalà ©e par une flà ¨che entre lacteur et le cas dutilisation Les relations entre cas dutilisation sont dà ©finies comme suit: Les inclusions: Dans ce type dinteraction le premier cas englobe lautre et son issue dà ©pend souvent de la rà ©solution du second. Ce type de description est utile pour extraire un ensemble de sous comportement commun à   plusieurs tà ¢ches, comme une macro en programmation. Elle est reprà ©sentà ©e par une flà ¨che en pointillà ©e et le termeinclude. Les extensions: Les extensions (Extend) reprà ©sentent des prolongements logiques de certaines tà ¢ches sous certaines conditions. Autrement dit un cas dutilisation A à ©tend un cas dutilisation B lorsque le cas dutilisation A peut à ªtre appelà © au cours de lexà ©cution du cas dutilisation B. Elle est reprà ©sentà ©e par une flà ¨che avec le termeExtend. Ce type de relation peut à ªtre utile pour traiter des cas particuliers ou prà ©ciser les objectifs, ou pour tenir compte de nouvelles exigences au cours de la maintenance du systà ¨me et de son à ©volution. Les gà ©nà ©ralisations: La troisià ¨me relation est la relation de gà ©nà ©ralisation ou spà ©cialisation. Le cas dutilisation A est une gà ©nà ©ra